Health Library
Yersinia (Stool) Does this test have other names? Yersiniosis test, Yersinia stool culture What is this test? This test checks for an infection from the Yersinia bacteria. This infection is also called yersiniosis. Most cases of infection in the U.S. are from a type of bacteria called Yersinia enterocolitica. This illness is most common in children. It tends to strike more often during the winter. Eating or handling undercooked pork—especially pork chitterlings, or intestines—raises the risk for this in...
Your Baby and Breastfeeding Breastfeeding well A baby who breastfeeds well cues (shows readiness) for feedings, is in a good feeding position, latches-on (attaches) deeply at the breast, and moves milk forward from the breast and into his or her mouth. It is also comfortable for the mother. Feeding cues A baby has to wake up and let his or her mother know that he or she wants to eat. A baby should show he or she is hungry eight to 12 times in a 24-hour period. Watch your baby and begin breastfeeding whe...
Your High-Risk Baby and Expressing Milk How to get ready to make enough milk if you are expecting a high-risk baby Breastfeeding has important health benefits for almost all babies. And, it helps you and your baby bond. But the benefits are even higher for babies who are born high-risk. Babies in the NICU need a mother's breast milk to help support their immune systems, improve their digestion, and decrease the risk of a serious condition called NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis). If you are expecting a hi...
Your Child's Asthma: Peak Flow Meters, Oximeters, and Spirometers What is a peak flow meter? A peak flow meter (PFM) is a device used to measure how well your child's asthma is under control. The device measures air flowing out of the lungs, called peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), as a child forcefully blows into the device. A peak flow meter, when used properly, can reveal narrowing of the airways in advance of asthma symptoms. Peak flow meters can help determine: When to seek emergency medical care T...
Your Child's Asthma: How Severe Is It? The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) grades asthma based on symptoms. Those grades are a guideline for treatment. However, your child's health care provider will treat your child based on his or her medical history and current symptoms. The severity of your child's asthma is likely to change over time. The goal of treatment is always to have as few symptoms as possible. Asthma severity: Intermittent asthma. Children with symptoms no more than two t...
Your Child's Asthma: Nebulizer Treatments A nebulizer is a device that sprays a fine, liquid mist of medication. Nebulizers are commonly used in younger children who cannot use inhalers. The device consists of an air compressor, a cup for medication, and tubing connected to a mouthpiece or mask through which the medication is inhaled. Each treatment takes about 15 to 20 minutes to complete. Giving a treatment The following steps are recommended when giving a treatment to your child. However, always talk...
Your Child's Allergies: Dust Mites What is a dust mite? Dust mites are microscopic organisms that live in homes and schools. They like warm, humid environments best. The mites live in: Bedding and pillows Upholstered furniture Carpets Clothes Stuffed toys Fabric-covered items Dust mites are common allergens. That means they often cause allergic symptoms. They can also worsen symptoms in many people with asthma. Dust mites feed on the shed scales of human skin. The waste products of the dust mite are wha...
Your Child's Asthma: Avoiding Triggers How to avoid asthma triggers Many things can trigger an asthma flare-up, including the following: Upper respiratory infections, like colds or the flu Allergies to dust mites, pollens, pets, mold, or cockroaches Exercise Irritants, such as cigarette and other forms of smoke, strong odors and perfumes, fumes from wood stoves or kerosene heaters, and air pollution Weather changes The following is a list of things you can do to limit your child's exposure to common tri...
Your Child's Asthma What causes childhood asthma? Researchers continue to learn what causes asthma. It is not entirely understood. The following things play a part: Genetics. Asthma runs in families. Allergies. Some allergies are more common in people with asthma. And, allergies also tend to run in families. Respiratory infections. Infants and young children who have some respiratory infections are more likely to have long-term lung problems. Environmental factors. Irritants, like pollution and allergen...
Your Child's Asthma: Flare-ups What happens during a flare-up? Children with asthma have severe episodes or flare-ups when the air passages in their lungs become narrower and breathing becomes more difficult. Sensitive airways react to certain things, called triggers. Triggers can cause: The lining of the airways (bronchial tubes) to become more inflamed and swollen Tightening of the muscles that surround the airways Increased mucus production Decreased air movement through the lungs Normal Airway Asthm...
Yoga as Alternative Therapy for Cancer What is yoga? Yoga is an ancient mind-body health system that began in India more than 5,000 years ago. It has been used in the United States since the 1800s. Yoga uses slow movement, precise posture, meditation, and breathing exercises to reach a state of relaxation. Can yoga help people with cancer? As an additional therapy, yoga can create a sense of well-being, improve the quality of life, provide relaxation, and reduce stress for some patients with cancer. Yog...
Yellow Fever What is yellow fever? Yellow fever is a rare viral disease caused by the bite of a mosquito. Many countries still require visitors to be vaccinated for it before entering. Yellow fever is found mainly in certain areas of Africa and in South America. In South America, infections happen only every now and then. They are usually among forestry and agricultural workers. In Africa, infections happen mostly in the tropical areas of western and central Africa. But they also happen in cities and ju...
Your Child's Growth and Development Understanding your child's changing and emerging growth and development is an important part of parenting. As infants and children progress through a series of growth stages, they may encounter physical and emotional challenges, and some relatively common problems during these years. Growth and development includes not only the physical changes that will occur from infancy to adolescence, but also some of the changes in emotions, personality, behavior, thinking, and s...
Yeast Infection What is a yeast infection? Yeast is a fungus normally found on your skin. It’s also found in your digestive system. If you’re a woman, you also have yeast in your vaginal area. When too much yeast grows on your skin or other areas, it can cause an infection. This infection is also called candidiasis. What causes a yeast infection? A yeast infection can happen if your skin gets damaged. Yeast can also “overgrow” in warm or humid conditions. An infection can also happen if you have a weak ...
Young Children With Sleep Apnea May Face Learning Difficulties: Study MONDAY, May 16, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Sleep apnea in young children may affect youngsters' attention, memory and language development, a new study suggests. The researchers added that as sleep apnea worsens, the risk of these problems also may increase. "Although evidence suggesting the presence of cognitive deficits in children with sleep apnea has been around for quite some time, the relatively small groups studied made it diffic...
Your Healthy Skin Germs Stay Put, Despite Cleaning THURSDAY, May 4, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Some things never change, and your personal collection of skin bacteria may be one of them -- despite the use of sanitizers and antibacterial wipes. Human skin encounters countless germs every day, and researchers expected to find that the colonies of bacteria, viruses and fungi in skin fluctuated over time. Instead, they found the germs stay fairly constant. However, skin hosts micro-environments, which can eit...
Young LGBT Adults Are Target of FDA Stop-Smoking Campaign FRIDAY, May 6, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Hoping to reduce tobacco use by young lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has launched an LGBT stop-smoking campaign. "We know LGBT young adults in this country are nearly twice as likely to use tobacco as other young adults," said Mitch Zeller, director of the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products. "We want LGBT young adults to know that there is no safe amount ...
Your Ability to 'Smell' the Taste of Foods Can Lessen With Age FRIDAY, May 13, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Your ability to "smell" the foods you taste weakens as you age, new research suggests. Along with your nose, you can detect aromas through your mouth when you chew your food, which releases certain types of molecules, researchers explained. The study included 102 healthy nonsmokers, aged 18 to 72, who ate various foods and were asked to rate how intensely they detected two tastes (sweet and salty) and...
Young Gay, Bisexual Men May Be at Higher Risk for Suicide, Study Finds TUESDAY, April 26, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Young gay and bisexual men may be much more likely to attempt suicide or harm themselves than their older counterparts, and blacks are at greater risk than whites, British researchers report. "We know minority groups are at higher risk of poor mental health than the heterosexual majority, however the mental health differences within sexual minorities is unclear," said study author Ford Hick...
Young Transgender Women May Face Mental Health Woes MONDAY, March 21, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- More than 40 percent of young, low-income transgender women with a history of unsafe sexual behavior struggle with at least one serious mental health issue and/or substance abuse problem, a small study suggests. Nearly 20 percent have two or more serious mental health diagnoses, the investigators said. The findings concern both teens and young adults who identify as women but were born male. The study also fou...
Young Athletes Pressured by Parents May Resort to 'Doping' MONDAY, Feb. 29, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Young male athletes under parental pressure to succeed are more likely to use banned substances to boost their sports performance, a new study finds. Researchers at the University of Kent in England asked 129 young male athletes, average age 17, about their attitudes on "doping" -- the use of prohibited drugs, such as steroids, hormones or stimulants, to boost athletic ability. These substances, sometime...
Younger Female Heart Patients More Likely to Need Follow-Up Care TUESDAY, Feb. 23, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Women under 50 who've been treated once for heart disease seem to fare worse than similarly treated men, a new report shows. Younger women who'd already had a procedure known as angioplasty to open their heart arteries were significantly more likely to need additional procedures to keep those arteries open and functioning well than men were, the study said. Angioplasty is a procedure in which a ti...
Young People More Likely to Text While Driving If Friends Do: Study TUESDAY, Feb. 16, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- College students whose friends text while driving are more likely to engage in this risky behavior as well, a new study suggests. Researchers at the University of Maryland School of Public Health, in College Park, questioned 861 college students about their use of instant messaging while they were driving. More than 50 percent admitted to texting while driving at least once in the past month, t...
Young Adults Would Delay Seeking Stroke Treatment: Survey MONDAY, Jan. 11, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Immediate treatment of stroke is crucial, but a new survey finds that three-quarters of young American adults would delay going to the hospital if they had stroke symptoms. Ideally, people with an ischemic stroke (blocked blood flow to the brain) should receive medical care within three hours to give them the best chance of restoring blood flow to the brain and minimizing or reversing stroke damage, the r...
Yoga May Boost Quality of Life for Prostate Cancer Patients FRIDAY, Nov. 20, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Yoga may benefit men who are undergoing radiation therapy for prostate cancer, according to a small study. Many such patients experience side effects, including fatigue, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence and a decline in their quality of life, the researchers said. The new study included 27 men who attended 75-minute yoga classes twice a week. These patients saw their quality of life and side e...
Your DNA May Explain High-Calorie Food Cravings THURSDAY, Nov. 5, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Can't resist high-fat, sugary foods? Your genetic makeup may be to blame. Researchers say they've identified a pair of genetic variants that interact to boost the brain's reward responses to foods high in fat and sugar. They believe the findings might lead to new treatments for obesity. The two genetic variants are located near the FTO gene, which is associated with increased risk of obesity, and the DRD2 gene, th...
Younger Women Less Likely to Take Meds After Heart Attack TUESDAY, Oct. 13, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Younger women who've had a heart attack are less likely than men to be taking the appropriate heart medications one year later, new Canadian research shows. These findings underscore previous studies that show fewer women take these drugs than men. Researchers said this discrepancy has important implications for how doctors approach treatment for younger women who've had a heart attack. "The gender gap i...
Young Cancer Survivors Often Develop New Malignancies TUESDAY, Oct. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Teen and young adult cancer survivors are at increased risk for other cancers later in life, a new study reveals. Researchers analyzed U.S. National Cancer Institute data on people who survived cancers before age 40. They had the most common types of cancers in that age group: leukemia, lymphoma, testicular, ovarian, thyroid, breast, soft tissue and bone cancers. "This is a patient demographic that has been l...
Younger Native Americans Face High Suicide Rate: Report WEDNESDAY, Sept. 30, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- A new federal report on suicide finds that young adult Native Americans continue to be at a much higher risk of killing themselves than other racial or ethnic groups in the United States. From 2012-2013, the suicide rate was 34 per 100,000 among male American Indians and Alaskan Natives aged 18 to 24. That's higher than white males, blacks, Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders, the report found. The ra...
Young Readers, Tomorrow's Leaders? THURSDAY, July 24, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Young children with strong reading skills may be on a fast track to a brighter future, a new study suggests. Kids with above average reading skills may have higher intelligence levels as they get older, according to British researchers. The study included 1,890 identical twins from Great Britain who were given reading and intelligence tests when they were ages 7, 9, 10, 12 and 16. Because each pair of twins had the same genes...
Your Genes May Help Pick Your Friends MONDAY, July 14, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- A person's DNA may play a big role in who they decide to hang with, a new study suggests. "Looking across the whole genome, we find that, on average, we are genetically similar to our friends," study co-author James Fowler, a professor of medical genetics and political science at the University of California, San Diego, said in a university news release. "We have more DNA in common with the people we pick as friends than we ...
Young Pro Pitchers May Face Higher Risk of 'Tommy John' Surgery: Study THURSDAY, July 10, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Pitchers who start playing Major League Baseball at a young age may be at increased risk for requiring elbow surgery later in their career, according to a new study. Researchers looked at 168 pitchers who spent at least one season in the major leagues and subsequently had surgery to repair a torn ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in the elbow of their throwing arm. These players were compared...
Your Stomach Bug May Well Be Norovirus FRIDAY June 27, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Norovirus, the highly contagious stomach bug dubbed the "cruise-ship virus," accounts for about one-fifth of all cases of gastroenteritis worldwide, according to a new study. These new estimates, published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases , show a need for a vaccine to prevent the often violent attacks of vomiting and diarrhea associated with norovirus, the researchers said. "Our findings show that norovirus infection contr...
Yervoy A drug used to treat melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body or that cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Yervoy binds to a substance called CTLA-4, which is found on the surface of T cells (a type of white blood cell). Yervoy may block CTLA-4 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called ipilimumab and MDX-010.
yellow fever A disease caused by infection with the yellow fever virus, which is carried by mosquitos. Symptoms include body aches, chills, fever, severe headache, weakness, and a yellow skin color. Bleeding, vomiting, and failure of the liver and other organs may occur in late stages of the disease.
yttrium Y 90 DOTA anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. M5A is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CEA on the surface of some tumor cells. It is linked to a radioisotope called yttrium Y 90, which may help kill the cancer cells. Yttrium Y 90 DOTA anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A is a type of radioimmunoconjugate and a type of radiopharmaceutical.
yttrium Y 90 edotreotide A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Yttrium Y 90 edotreotide contains yttrium Y 90 (a radioactive form of the metal yttrium) attached to a molecule that binds to certain types of neuroendocrine tumors (tumors that come from cells that release hormones). The radioactivity from yttrium Y 90 may kill the cancer cells. Also called yttrium Y 90 DOTA-tyr3-octreotide and yttrium Y 90 SMT 487.
Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that is used to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of B-cell tumors. It is made up of the monoclonal antibody ibritumomab plus the radioisotope yttrium Y 90. It binds to the protein called CD20, which is found on B cells. The radiation in the yttrium Y 90 may kill the cancer cells. Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan is a type of radiopharmaceutical. Also called IDEC-Y2B8, Y 90 Zevalin...
Y 90 Zevalin A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that is used to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of B-cell tumors. It is made up of the monoclonal antibody ibritumomab plus the radioisotope yttrium Y 90. It binds to the protein called CD20, which is found on B cells. The radiation in the yttrium Y 90 may kill the cancer cells. Y 90 Zevalin is a type of radiopharmaceutical. Also called IDEC-Y2B8, Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, and yttrium...
yttrium Y 90 DOTA monoclonal antibody HuAFP31 A substance being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. HuAFP31 is a monoclonal antibody that can bind to tumor cells that make a protein called alpha fetoprotein (AFP). It is linked to a radioactive substance called yttrium Y 90, which may help kill the cancer cells. Yttrium Y 90 DOTA monoclonal antibody HuAFP31 is a type of radioimmunoconjugate.
YKL-40 A substance that may be found in higher-than-normal amounts in the blood of patients with certain types of cancer and inflammatory diseases. It is a type of glycoprotein.
yttrium Y 90 A radioactive form of the rare metal yttrium that is used in radiation therapy to treat some types of tumors. Yttrium Y 90 can be linked to a molecule, such as a monoclonal antibody, to help it locate and bind to certain substances in the body, including cancer cells. The radiation may kill the cancer cells.
yoga An ancient system of practices used to balance the mind and body through exercise, meditation (focusing thoughts), and control of breathing and emotions. Yoga is being studied as a way to relieve stress and treat sleep problems in cancer patients.
yttrium Y 90 DOTA monoclonal antibody HuPAM4 A substance being studied in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. HuPAM4 is a monoclonal antibody that can locate and bind to pancreatic cancer cells. It is linked to a radioactive substance called yttrium Y90, which may help kill cancer cells. Yttrium Y 90 DOTA monoclonal antibody HuPAM4 is a type of radioimmunoconjugate.
yangona An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances taken from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. Yangona may increase the effect of alcohol and of certain drugs used to treat anxiety and depression. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises users that yangona may cause severe liver damage. The scientific name is Piper methysticum. Also called intoxicating pepper, kava kava, rauschpfeffer, and tonga.
yohimbe A tree native to West Africa. The bark is used as a supplement for bodybuilding and to enhance male sexual performance. It contains the chemical yohimbine, which is being studied in the treatment of sexual dysfunction. It may interact with certain drugs used to treat depression, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar. The scientific name is Pausinystalia yohimbe. Also called johimbe.
yin and yang In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang are opposite forces that form a whole. Everything contains both yin and yang in a balance that is always changing, such as hot and cold, day and night, and health and disease. In traditional Chinese medicine, disease is diagnosed and treated based on the balance of yin and yang.
yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin A compound that contains the radioisotope yttrium Y 90 linked to the chemical biotin. Biotin is a molecule that binds strongly to the chemical streptavidin. Yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin will find tumor cells in the body that have been targeted by an antibody linked to streptavidin and kill them. It is being studied together with CC49-streptavidin in the treatment of cancer. Also called 90Y-DOTA-biotin.
YM598 A substance that is being studied as a treatment for advanced prostate cancer and for pain caused by prostate cancer that has spread to the bone. It belongs to the family of drugs called endothelin ETA receptor antagonists.
yttrium Y 90 DOTA-tyr3-octreotide A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Yttrium Y 90 DOTA-tyr3-octreotide contains yttrium Y 90 (a radioactive form of the metal yttrium) attached to a molecule that binds to certain types of neuroendocrine tumors (tumors that come from cells that release hormones). The radioactivity from yttrium Y 90 may kill the cancer cells. Also called yttrium Y 90 edotreotide and yttrium Y 90 SMT 487.
yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody that is used to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of B-cell tumors. It is made up of the monoclonal antibody ibritumomab plus the radioisotope yttrium Y 90. It binds to the protein called CD20, which is found on B cells. The radiation in the yttrium Y 90 may kill the cancer cells. Yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan is a type of radiopharmaceutical. Also called IDEC-Y2...
yttrium Y 90 SMT 487 A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Yttrium Y 90 SMT 487 contains yttrium Y 90 (a radioactive form of the metal yttrium) attached to a molecule that binds to certain types of neuroendocrine tumors (tumors that come from cells that release hormones). The radioactivity from yttrium Y 90 may kill the cancer cells. Also called yttrium Y 90 DOTA-tyr3-octreotide and yttrium Y 90 edotreotide.
yttrium A metal of the rare earth group of elements. A radioactive form of yttrium may be attached to a monoclonal antibody or other molecule that can locate and bind to cancer cells and be used to diagnose or treat some types of cancer.
Yogurt Helps Produce a Slimmer You Plain yogurt should be a part of your diet, particularly if you are trying to lose weight. Researchers from the University of Tennessee found that people who ate plain yogurt as part of a reducing diet lost more weight than did people who didn't eat yogurt while dieting. If you're dieting, try to include three servings of fat-free or low-fat dairy products in your menu each day.
Younger Kids Shouldn't Use Skateboards Skateboards and scooters are popular with children. But the American Academy of Pediatrics offers this caution: Skateboards aren't safe for children younger than 10, and protective gear such as helmets, wrist guards, elbow and knee pads should be worn. You should insist that older kids wear protective gear, as well.
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